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(Top)

1Etymology

2History

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2.1Indigenous peoples

2.2European colonization

2.3British North America

2.4Confederation and expansion

2.5Early 20th century

2.6Contemporary era

3Geography

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3.1Climate

3.2Biodiversity

4Government and politics

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4.1Law

4.2Foreign relations and military

4.3Provinces and territories

5Economy

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5.1Science and technology

6Demographics

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6.1Ethnicity

6.2Languages

6.3Religion

7Health

8Education

9Culture

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9.1Symbols

9.2Literature

9.3Media

9.4Visual arts

9.5Music

9.6Sports

10See also

11Notes

12References

13Further reading

14External links

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Canada

295 languages

AcèhАдыгэбзэАдыгабзэAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛAnarâškielâअंगिकाÆngliscАԥсшәаالعربيةAragonésܐܪܡܝܐԱրեւմտահայերէնArmãneashtiArpetanঅসমীয়াAsturianuAtikamekwAvañe'ẽАварAymar aruAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasa BaliBamanankanবাংলাBân-lâm-gúBasa BanyumasanБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChamoruChavacano de ZamboangaChiShonaChiTumbukaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskالدارجةDavvisámegiellaDeitschDeutschދިވެހިބަސްDiné bizaadDolnoserbskiडोटेलीཇོང་ཁEestiΕλληνικάEmiliàn e rumagnòlЭрзяньEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraEʋegbeفارسیFiji HindiFøroysktFrançaisFryskFulfuldeFurlanGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGàidhligGalegoГӀалгӀай贛語Gĩkũyũگیلکیગુજરાતીगोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaHawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIgboIlokanoবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরীBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitutIñupiatunИронIsiXhosaIsiZuluÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKabɩyɛಕನ್ನಡKapampanganКъарачай-малкъарქართულიKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaIkirundiKiswahiliКомиKongoKotavaKreyòl ayisyenKriyòl gwiyannenKurdîКыргызчаКырык марыLadinLadinoЛаккуລາວLatgaļuLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschЛезгиLietuviųLigureLimburgsLingálaLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaLa .lojban.LombardMagyarMadhurâमैथिलीМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMaltiMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa Melayuꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟMinangkabau閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄MirandésМокшеньМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNa Vosa VakavitiNederlandsNedersaksiesNēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣनेपालीनेपाल भाषा日本語NapulitanoߒߞߏНохчийнNordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNouormandNovialOccitanОлык марийଓଡ଼ିଆOromooOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀपालिPangasinanPangcahپنجابیပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏPapiamentuپښتوPatoisភាសាខ្មែរPicardPiemontèisTok PisinPlattdüütschPolskiΠοντιακάPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaQırımtatarcaReo tahitiRomânăRomani čhibRumantschRuna SimiРусиньскыйРусскийСаха тылаSakizayaGagana Samoaसंस्कृतम्SängöᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤسرائیکیSarduScotsSeediqSeelterskSesothoSesotho sa LeboaShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimple EnglishسنڌيSiSwatiSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСловѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیSranantongoСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaclḥitTaqbaylitTarandíneТатарча / tatarçaၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး TayalతెలుగుTetunไทยትግርኛТоҷикӣLea faka-TongaᏣᎳᎩTsetsêhestâheseTürkçeTürkmençeTwiTyapУдмуртУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVahcuenghVènetoVepsän kel’Tiếng ViệtVolapükVõroWalon文言West-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语XitsongaייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiZeêuwsŽemaitėška中文Batak TobaTolışiⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ

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Coordinates: 60°N 110°W / 60°N 110°W / 60; -110

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Country in North America

For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation).

Canada

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: A mari usque ad mare (Latin)"From Sea to Sea"Anthem: "O Canada"Royal anthem: "God Save the King"[1]CapitalOttawa45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.400°N 75.667°W / 45.400; -75.667Largest cityTorontoOfficial languagesEnglishFrenchDemonym(s)CanadianGovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional monarchy• Monarch Charles III• Governor General Mary Simon• Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

LegislatureParliament• Upper houseSenate• Lower houseHouse of CommonsIndependence from the United Kingdom• Confederation July 1, 1867• Statute of Westminster, 1931 December 11, 1931• Patriation April 17, 1982

Area • Total area9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (2nd)• Water (%)11.76 (2015)[2]• Total land area9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)Population• 2023 Q4 estimate 40,528,396[3] (36th)• 2021 census36,991,981[4]• Density4.2/km2 (10.9/sq mi) (236th)GDP (PPP)2023 estimate• Total $2.379 trillion[5] (16th)• Per capita $59,813[5] (28th)GDP (nominal)2023 estimate• Total $2.118 trillion[5] (10th)• Per capita $53,247[5] (18th)Gini (2018) 30.3[6]mediumHDI (2021) 0.936[7]very high (15th)CurrencyCanadian dollar ($) (CAD)Time zoneUTC−3.5 to −8• Summer (DST)UTC−2.5 to −7Calling code+1Internet TLD.ca

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. It is a sparsely inhabited country of 40 million people, the vast majority residing south of the 55th parallel in urban areas. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminating in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition. The country's head of government is the prime minister, who holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the elected House of Commons and is "called upon" by the governor general, representing the monarch of Canada, the head of state. The country is a Commonwealth realm and is officially bilingual (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is very highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and gender equality. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its history, economy, and culture.

A developed country, Canada has a high nominal per capita income globally and its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs, with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions. Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has had a significant influence on its global image. Canada is part of multiple international organizations and forums.

Etymology

Main article: Name of Canada

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada, the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[8] In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[9] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona);[9] by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada.[9]

From the 16th to the early 18th century, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.[10] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. These two colonies were collectively named the Canadas until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.[11]

Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference and the word dominion was conferred as the country's title.[12] By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "realm of the Commonwealth".[13]

The Canada Act 1982, which brought the Constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.[14] The term Dominion was used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the Second World War the term federal had replaced dominion.[15]

History

Main article: History of Canada

Further information: Timeline of Canadian history and Historiography of Canada

Indigenous peoples

The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago.[16][17] The Paleo-Indian archeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[18] The characteristics of Indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.[19][20] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.[21] Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis,[22] the last being of mixed descent who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and subsequently developed their own identity.[22]A map of Canada showing the percent of self-reported indigenous identity (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the 2021 Canadian census[23]

The Indigenous population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000[24] and two million,[25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.[26] As a consequence of European colonization, the Indigenous population declined by forty to eighty percent and several First Nations, such as the Beothuk, disappeared.[27] The decline is attributed to several causes, including the transfer of European diseases, such as influenza, measles, and smallpox, to which they had no natural immunity,[24][28] conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency.[29][30]

Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.[31] First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureurs des bois and voyageurs in their explorations of the continent during the North American fur trade.[32] These early European interactions with First Nations would change from friendship and peace treaties to the dispossession of Indigenous lands through treaties.[33][34] From the late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western Canadian society.[35] These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration through state-funded boarding schools,[36] health-care segregation,[37] and displacement.[38] A period of redress began with the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada by the Government of Canada in 2008.[39] This included recognition of past colonial injustices and settlement agreements and betterment of racial discrimination issues, such as addressing the plight of missing and murdered Indigenous women.[39][40]

European colonization

Map of territorial claims in North America by 1750. Possessions of British America (pink), New France (blue), and New Spain (orange); California, Pacific Northwest, and Great Basin not indicated.[41]

It is believed that the first documented European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson.[42][43] In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small short-lived encampment that was occupied sporadically for perhaps 20 years at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland.[44] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of Henry VII of England.[45] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words, "long live the King of France", and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I.[46] The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the Basque and Portuguese establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast.[47] In general, early settlements during the Age of Discovery appear to have been short-lived due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia.[48][49]

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English seasonal camp.[50] In 1600, the French established their first seasonal trading post at Tadoussac along the Saint Lawrence.[44] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608).[51] Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana.[52] The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[53]

The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland in 1610 along with settlements in the Thirteen Colonies to the south.[54][55] A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War.[56] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.[57]

British North America

Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes James Wolfe's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City.[58]

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[14] St John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[59] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley.[60] More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule.[61] It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies.[62] The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution.[14]

After the successful American War of Independence, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set the terms of peace, ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country.[63] The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of Loyalists, the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. New Brunswick was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes, which led to the incorporation of Saint John, New Brunswick, as Canada's first city.[64] To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.[65]

War of 1812 heroine Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams[66]

The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed.[67] Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850.[68] New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances.[69] Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.[24]

The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837.[70] The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.[14] The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America east of Lake Superior by 1855.[71] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[72] The Anglo-Russian Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825) established the border along the Pacific coast, but, even after the US Alaska Purchase of 1867, disputes continued about the exact demarcation of the Alaska–Yukon and Alaska–BC border.[73]

Confederation and expansion

Animated map showing the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories since Confederation in 1867[74]

Following three constitutional conferences, the British North America Act, 1867 officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[75][76] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870.[77] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871 on the promise of a transcontinental railway extending to Victoria in the province within 10 years,[78] while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[79] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, Parliament created the Yukon Territory. Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.[79] Between 1871 and 1896, almost one quarter of the Canadian population emigrated south to the US.[80]

To open the West and encourage European immigration, the Government of Canada sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), passed the Dominion Lands Act to regulate settlement and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert authority over the territory.[81][82] This period of westward expansion and nation building resulted in the displacement of many Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies to "Indian reserves",[83] clearing the way for ethnic European block settlements.[84] This caused the collapse of the Plains Bison in western Canada and the introduction of European cattle farms and wheat fields dominating the land.[85] The Indigenous peoples saw widespread famine and disease due to the loss of the bison and their traditional hunting lands.[86] The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the reserves.[87] During this time, Canada introduced the Indian Act extending its control over the First Nations to education, government and legal rights.[88]

Early 20th century

1918 Canadian War bond posters depicting three French women pulling a plow that had been constructed for horsesFrench version of the poster roughly translates as "They serve France–Everyone can serve; Buy Victory Bonds".The same poster in English, with subtle differences in text. "They serve France—How can I serve Canada? Buy Victory Bonds".

Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the British North America Act, 1867, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into the First World War.[89] Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps, which played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war.[90] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded.[91] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when the Unionist Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with conscription was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers.[92] The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party.[92] In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain,[90] and the Statute of Westminster, 1931, affirmed Canada's independence.[93]

The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.[94] In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[95] On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI, seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada's independence.[90]

The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during the Second World War and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded.[96] Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.[90] Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.[97]

The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.[90] Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.[98]

Contemporary era

The financial crisis of the Great Depression led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a Crown colony ruled by a British governor.[99] After two referendums, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.[100]

Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the maple leaf flag in 1965,[101] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[102] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[103] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans; though, provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[104]

A copy of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms[105]

Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the Canada Act 1982, the patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[106][107][108] Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country under its own monarchy.[109][110] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.[111]

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular nationalist movement.[112] The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970,[113] and the sovereigntist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.[114] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West.[115][116] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.[117] In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by Parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.[114]

In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;[118] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[119] and the Oka Crisis of 1990,[120] the first of a number of violent confrontations between provincial governments and Indigenous groups.[121] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a United States–led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the UNPROFOR mission in the former Yugoslavia.[122] Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001 but declined to join the United States–led invasion of Iraq in 2003.[123]

In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan Civil War[124] and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.[125] The country celebrated its sesquicentennial in 2017, three years before the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada began on January 27, 2020, with widespread social and economic disruption.[126] In 2021, the possible graves of hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered near the former sites of Canadian Indian residential schools.[127] Administered by various Christian churches and funded by the Canadian government from 1828 to 1997, these boarding schools attempted to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture.[36]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Canada

Further information: Environment of Canada

A topographic map of Canada, in polar projection (for 90° W), showing elevations shaded from green to brown (higher)

By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia.[128] By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth, due to having the world's largest area of fresh water lakes.[129] Stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east, along the Arctic Ocean to the north, and to the Pacific Ocean in the west, the country encompasses 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) of territory.[130] Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with the world's longest coastline of 243,042 kilometres (151,019 mi).[131][132] In addition to sharing the world's largest land border with the United States—spanning 8,891 km (5,525 mi)[a]—Canada shares a land border with Greenland (and hence the Kingdom of Denmark) to the northeast, on Hans Island,[133] and a maritime boundary with France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon to the southeast.[134] Canada is also home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island—latitude 82.5°N—which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.[135]

Canada can be divided into seven physiographic regions: the Canadian Shield, the interior plains, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, the Appalachian region, the Western Cordillera, Hudson Bay Lowlands, and the Arctic Archipelago.[136] Boreal forests prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in northern Arctic regions and through the Rocky Mountains, and the relatively flat Canadian Prairies in the southwest facilitate productive agriculture.[130] The Great Lakes feed the St. Lawrence River (in the southeast) where the lowlands host much of Canada's economic output.[130] Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 of which are larger than 100 km2 (39 sq mi)—containing much of the world's fresh water.[137][138] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies, the Coast Mountains, and the Arctic Cordillera.[139] Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[140]

Climate

Main article: Temperature in Canada

Köppen climate classification types of Canada

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[141] In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[142]

Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost. The future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada.[143] Canada's annual average temperature over land has risen by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948.[130] The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.[144] In the southern regions of Canada, air pollution from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in acid rain, which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth, and agricultural productivity in Canada.[145]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Canada

Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada. Ecozones are identified with a unique colour. Ecoprovinces are subdivisions of ecozones and are identified with a unique numeric code.[146]

Canada is divided into 15 terrestrial and five marine ecozones.[147] These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of Canadian wildlife, with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered.[148] Although Canada has a low percentage of endemic species compared to other countries,[149] due to human activities, invasive species, and environmental issues in the country, there are currently more than 800 species at risk of being lost.[150] About 65 percent of Canada's resident species are considered "Secure".[151] Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development.[152] The boreal forest of Canada is considered to be the largest intact forest on Earth, with approximately 3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi) undisturbed by roads, cities or industry.[153] Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions,[154] with 42 percent of its land area covered by forests (approximately 8 percent of the world's forested land).[155]

Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are conservation areas, including 11.4 percent designated as protected areas.[156] Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.[156] Canada's first National Park, Banff National Park established in 1885, spans 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 sq mi)[157] of mountainous terrain, with many glaciers and ice fields, dense coniferous forest, and alpine landscapes.[158] Canada's oldest provincial park, Algonquin Provincial Park, established in 1893, covers an area of 7,653.45 square kilometres (2,955.01 sq mi). It is dominated by old-growth forest with over 2,400 lakes and 1,200 kilometres of streams and rivers.[159] Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area is the world's largest freshwater protected area, spanning roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) of lakebed, its overlaying freshwater, and associated shoreline on 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi) of islands and mainland.[160] Canada's largest national wildlife region is the Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area, which spans 11,570.65 square kilometres (4,467.45 sq mi)[161] and protects critical breeding and nesting habitat for over 40 percent of British Columbia's seabirds.[162] Canada's 18 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves cover a total area of 235,000 square kilometres (91,000 sq mi).[163]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Canada and Politics of Canada

Aerial view of Canadian Parliament Buildings and their surroundings

Canada is described as a "full democracy",[164] with a tradition of liberalism,[165] and an egalitarian,[166] moderate political ideology.[167] An emphasis on social justice has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture.[168][169] Peace, order, and good government, alongside an Implied Bill of Rights, are founding principles of the Canadian government.[170][171]

At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively centrist parties practising "brokerage politics":[b] the centre-left leaning Liberal Party of Canada[178][179] and the centre-right leaning Conservative Party of Canada (or its predecessors).[180] The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale.[180] Five parties had representatives elected to the Parliament in the 2021 election—the Liberals, who formed a minority government; the Conservatives, who became the Official Opposition; the New Democratic Party (occupying the left[181][182]); the Bloc Québécois; and the Green Party of Canada.[183] Far-right and far-left politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society.[184][185][186]

Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy—the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[187][188][189][190] The reigning monarch is also monarch of 14 other Commonwealth countries (though, all are sovereign of one another[191]) and each of Canada's 10 provinces. To carry out most of their federal royal duties in Canada, the monarch appoints a representative, the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister.[192][193]

Charles III, King of CanadaMary Simon, Governor General of CanadaJustin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada

The monarchy is the source of sovereignty and authority in Canada.[190][194][195] However, while the governor general or monarch may exercise their power without ministerial advice in certain rare crisis situations,[194] the use of the executive powers (or royal prerogative) is otherwise always directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the prime minister,[196] the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the individual who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a majority of members in the House of Commons.[197] The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.[194] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the leader of the Official Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[198]

The House of Commons in its temporary location, the West Block[199]

The Parliament of Canada passes all statute laws within the federal sphere. It comprises the monarch, the House of Commons, and the Senate. While Canada inherited the British concept of parliamentary supremacy, this was later, with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, all but completely superseded by the American notion of the supremacy of the law.[200]

Each of the 338 members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. The Constitution Act, 1982, requires that no more than five years pass between elections, although the Canada Elections Act limits this to four years with a "fixed" election date in October; general elections still must be called by the governor general and can be triggered by either the advice of the prime minister or a lost confidence vote in the House.[201][202] The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.[203]

Canadian federalism divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the 10 provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.[195] Canada's three territories also have legislatures; but, these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces.[204] The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.[205]

The Bank of Canada is the central bank of the country.[206] The minister of finance and minister of innovation, science, and industry use the Statistics Canada agency for financial planning and economic policy development.[207] The Bank of Canada is the sole authority authorized to issue currency in the form of Canadian bank notes.[208] The bank does not issue Canadian coins; they are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint.[209]

Law

Main article: Law of Canada

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions.[210] The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act, 1867 prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments.[211] The Statute of Westminster, 1931, granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[212] The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government; though, a notwithstanding clause allows Parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.[213]

The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill

Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court, final arbiter, and has been led since December 18, 2017, by Richard Wagner, the Chief Justice of Canada.[214] The governor general appoints the court's nine members on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice.[215] The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions.[216]

Common law prevails everywhere, except in Quebec, where civil law predominates.[217] Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.[218] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces.[219] In most rural and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[220]

Canadian Aboriginal law provides certain constitutionally recognized rights to land and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada.[221] Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples.[222] Most notably, a series of 11 treaties, known as the Numbered Treaties, were signed between the Indigenous peoples and the reigning monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921.[223] These treaties are agreements between the Canadian Crown-in-Council, with the duty to consult and accommodate.[224] The role of Aboriginal law and the rights they support were reaffirmed by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.[222] These rights may include provision of services, such as healthcare through the Indian Health Transfer Policy, and exemption from taxation.[225]

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Canada and Military history of Canada

Diplomatic missions of Canada[226] Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission Interests section and other representations Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions Canada

Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions.[227][228][229] Canada's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions, international organizations, and the work of numerous federal institutions.[230][231] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises.[232] The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) is tasked with gathering and analyzing intelligence to prevent threats such as terrorism, espionage, and foreign interference,[233] while the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) is focused on cyber security and protecting Canada's digital infrastructure.[233]

Canada and the United States have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship;[234][235] they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.[236][237] Canada also maintains historic and traditional ties to the United Kingdom and to France,[238] along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.[239] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[97] Canada has diplomatic and consular offices in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.[226]

Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.[240][241] The Suez Crisis of 1956, saw future prime minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.[242] Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.[90] This resulted in Canada providing the greatest amount of peacekeepers during the Cold War.[243] Since 1995, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.[244] The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly through the UN.[245] Canada has also faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[246]

A Canadian McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet in "special markings" used by the 2014 CF-18 Demonstration Team[247]

As of 2024, Canada's military had over 3000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple operations.[248] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force. The nation employs a professional, volunteer force of approximately 68,000 active personnel and 27,000 reserve personnel—increasing to 71,500 and 30,000 respectively under "Strong, Secure, Engaged"[249]—with a sub-component of approximately 5,000 Canadian Rangers.[250][c] In 2022, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).[252]

Canada is a member of various international organizations and forums.[253] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command together with the United States in 1958.[254] The country has membership in the World Trade Organization, the Five Eyes, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[227] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976.[255] The country joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990,[256] and seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[257]

Provinces and territories

Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada

See also

Canada portalCountries portal

Index of Canada-related articles

List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories

Outline of Canada

Notes

^ 6,416 km (3,987 mi) via the contiguous 48 states and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) via Alaska[132]

^ "Brokerage politics: A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."[172][173] "The traditional brokerage model of Canadian politics leaves little room for ideology."[174][175][176][177]

^ "The Royal Canadian Navy is composed of approximately 8,400 full-time sailors and 5,100 part-time sailors. The Army is composed of approximately 22,800 full-time soldiers, 18,700 reservists, and 5,000 Canadian Rangers. The Royal Canadian Air Force is composed of approximately 13,000 Regular Force personnel and 2,400 Air Reserve personnel."[251]

^ All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[342] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage."[343][344]

^ Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[348]

^ Catholic Church (29.9%), United Church (3.3%), Anglican Church (3.1%), Eastern Orthodoxy (1.7%), Baptistism (1.2%), Pentecostalism and other Charismatic (1.1%) Anabaptist (0.4%), Jehovah's Witness (0.4%), Latter Day Saints (0.2%), Lutheran (0.9%), Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness) (0.3%), Presbyterian (0.8%), and Reformed (0.2%).[378] 7.6 percent simply identified as "Christians".[379]

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^ Conway, Shannon (June 2018). "From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s". Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies (84): 9–30. doi:10.4000/eccs.1118. S2CID 158927935.

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^ Caplow, Theodore (2001). Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7735-2304-3.

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^ Meister, Daniel R. "Racial Mosaic, The". McGill-Queen’s University Press. p. 234.

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^ "Cultural Diversity in Canada: The Social Construction of Racial Difference". Ministère de la Justice. February 24, 2003. Retrieved December 17, 2023.

^ Ambrosea, Emma; Muddea, Cas (2015). "Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right – Nationalism and Ethnic Politics". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 21 (2): 213–236. doi:10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033. S2CID 145773856.

^ Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip L.; Orrenius, Pia (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (3rd ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8047-8735-2.

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^ Tettey, Wisdom; Puplampu, Korbla P. (2005). The African Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Identity & Belonging. University of Calgary. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-55238-175-5.

^ Monaghan, David (2013). "The mother beaver". The House of Commons Heritage. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.

^ "Canada in the Making: Pioneers and Immigrants". The History Channel. August 25, 2005.

^ Cormier, Jeffrey (2004). The Canadianization Movement: Emergence, Survival, and Success. University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442680616. ISBN 9781442680616.

^ a b Symbols of Canada. Canadian Government Publishing. 2002. ISBN 978-0-660-18615-3.

^ "Maple Leaf Tartan becomes official symbol". Toronto Star. Toronto. March 9, 2011.

^ Gough, Barry M. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3.

^ Nischik, Reingard M. (2008). History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian. Camden House. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1-57113-359-5.

^ a b Sociology in Action (2nd Canadian ed.). Nelson Education-McGraw-Hill Education. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-17-672841-0.

^ Hutchins, Donna; Hutchins, Nigel (2006). The Maple Leaf Forever: A Celebration of Canadian Symbols. The Boston Mills Press. p. iix. ISBN 978-1-55046-474-0.

^ a b Berman, Allen G (2008). Warman's Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide. Krause Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-4402-1915-3.

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^ Crabtracks: Progress and Process in Teaching the New Literatures in English. Essays in Honour of Dieter Riemenschneider. BRILL. December 28, 2021. pp. 388–391. ISBN 978-90-04-48650-8.

^ Dominic, K. V. (2010). Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature. Pinnacle Technology. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-61820-640-4.

^ New, William H. (2012). Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8020-0761-2.

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^ Giddings, Robert; Sheen, Erica (2000). From Page To Screen: Adaptations of the Classic Novel. Manchester University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7190-5231-6.

^ Montgomery, L. M.; Nemo, August (2021). Essential Novelists – L. M. Montgomery: Anne of Green Gables. Tacet Books. ISBN 978-3-9855100-5-4.

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^ "Freedom of expression and media freedom". GAC. February 17, 2020.

^ Bannerman, Sara (May 20, 2020). Canadian Communication Policy and Law. Canadian Scholars. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-77338-172-5.

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^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8020-9519-0.

^ Taras, David; Bakardjieva, Maria; Pannekoek, Frits, eds. (2007). How Canadians Communicate II: Media, Globalization, and Identity. University of Calgary Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-55238-224-0.

^ Taras, David; Bakardjieva, Maria; Pannekoek, Frits, eds. (2007). How Canadians Communicate II: Media, Globalization, and Identity. University of Calgary Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-55238-224-0.

^ Globerman, Steven (1983). Cultural Regulation in Canada. Institute for Research on Public Policy. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-920380-81-9.

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^ Beaty, Bart; Sullivan, Rebecca (2006). Canadian Television Today. University of Calgary Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-55238-222-6.

^ Krikorian, Jacqueline (2012). International Trade Law and Domestic Policy: Canada, the United States, and the WTO. UBC Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7748-2306-7.

^ "Tom Thomson, The Jack Pine, 1916–17". Art Canada Institute - Institut de l'art canadien. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

^ Mullen, Carol A. (2020). "Introduction". Canadian Indigenous Literature and Art: Decolonizing Education, Culture, and Society. Brill Sense. ISBN 978-90-04-41426-6.

^ Cook, Ramsay (1974). "Landscape Painting and National Sentiment in Canada". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 1 (2): 263–283. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298655.

^ Kasoff, Mark J.; James, Patrick (2013). Canadian Studies in the New Millennium (2 ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 198–204. ISBN 978-1-4426-6538-5.

^ as, for instance, in the following example of a show funded by the Government of Canada at the Peel Art Gallery Museum + Archives, Brampton:"Putting a spotlight on Canada's Artistic Heritage". Government of Canada. January 14, 2020.

^ Beauregard, Devin; Paquette, Jonathan, eds. (July 28, 2021). Canadian Cultural Policy in Transition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-041721-0.

^ McKay, Marylin J. (2011). Picturing the Land: Narrating Territories in Canadian Landscape Art, 1500–1950. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7735-3817-7.

^ Hill, Charles C (1995). The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation. National Gallery of Canada. pp. 15–21, 195. ISBN 978-0-7710-6716-7.

^ Newlands, Anne (1996). Emily Carr. Firefly Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-55209-046-6.

^ ""O Canada"". The Canadian Encyclopedia. February 7, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.

^ Homan, Shane, ed. (January 13, 2022). The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Policy. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-5013-4534-0.

^ The Canadian Communications Foundation. "The history of broadcasting in Canada". Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2009.

^ Homan, Shane; Cloonan, Martin; Cattermole, Jen, eds. (2017). Popular Music and Cultural Policy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-65952-5.

^ "IFPI Global Music Report 2023" (PDF). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.

^ Hull, Geoffrey P.; Hutchison, Thomas William; Strasser, Richard (2011). The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-415-87560-8.

^ Acheson, Archibald Lloyd Keith; Maule, Christopher John (2009). Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes. University of Michigan Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-472-02241-0.

^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood. University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8020-9759-0.

^ Hoffmann, Frank (2004). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Routledge. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-135-94950-1.

^ Jortner, Adam (2011). The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier. Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-19-976529-4.

^ "Maple Cottage, Leslieville, Toronto". Institute for Canadian Music. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009.

^ Kallmann, Helmut; Potvin, Gilles (February 7, 2018). "O Canada". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.

^ "Hymne national du Canada". Canadian Heritage. June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009.

^ "Vancouver 2010 ends in wild celebrations after Canadian ice hockey victory". Olympics.com. February 28, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2024.

^ Roxborough, Henry (1975). The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada. pp. 30–43.

^ Lindsay, Peter; West, J. Thomas (September 30, 2016). "Canadian Sports History". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

^ "National Sports of Canada Act". Government of Canada. November 5, 2015. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015.

^ "Canadian sport participation – Most frequently played sports in Canada (2010)" (PDF). Government of Canada. 2013. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.

^ a b Danilov, Victor J. (1997). Hall of fame museums: a reference guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-313-30000-4.

^ Butenko, Sergiy; Gil-Lafuente, Jaime; Pardalos, Panos M. (2010). Optimal Strategies in Sports Economics and Management. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-3-642-13205-6.

^ Morrow, Don; Wamsley, Kevin B. (2016). Sport in Canada: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. xxi–intro. ISBN 978-0-19-902157-4.

^ Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8108-7522-7.

^ Howell, Paul Charles (2009). Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7735-7656-8.

^ Horne, John; Whannel, Garry (2016). Understanding the Olympics. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-317-49519-2.

^ United States Senate Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism and Economic Development (January 2006). The Economic Impact of the 2010 Vancouver, Canada, Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest: hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, August 5, 2005. US GPO. ISBN 978-0-16-076789-0.

^ Fromm, Zuzana (2006). Economic Issues of Vancouver-Whistler 2010 Olympics. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-197843-0.

^ Temporary Importations Using the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 Remission Order. Canada Border Services Agency. 2015.

^ Peterson, David (July 10, 2014). "Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020.

^ "World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament". BBC Sport. June 13, 2018. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021.

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Canada, encompassing 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 mi2), is bordered by three oceans: the Atlantic to the east, the Pacific to the west, and the Arctic to the north. It shares the world's longest binational land border with the United States to the south and northwest.Canada, from west to east, is divisible into seven primary geographic regions:

Western Cordillera: The Western Cordillera region, characterized by its extensive mountain ranges, dominates the western landscape of Canada. It stretches from the Yukon Territory to the southern reaches of British Columbia. The topography is marked by a series of parallel ranges and valleys that influence the local climate and river systems. This region houses Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak at 5,959 meters (19,551 feet), located in the Saint Elias Mountains.

Canadian Arctic: The Canadian Arctic encompasses Canada's northernmost parts, including parts of Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon. It is a vast, sparsely populated region with a landscape dominated by permafrost and tundra. The Arctic Archipelago is part of this region, where polar deserts and ice cap climates prevail.

Interior Plains: The Interior Plains present a stark contrast to the adjacent Cordillera, offering extensive flatlands that rise gradually from the USA border to the Canadian Shield. This region's landscape is mostly flat or gently rolling terrain, ideal for agriculture, particularly in the southern areas. Major rivers here include the Peace and the Saskatchewan, contributing to the fertile soil.

Canadian Shield: Covering approximately half of Canada, the Canadian Shield is a massive geological shield covered by a thin layer of soil that arcs around Hudson Bay. It's characterized by ancient crystalline rocks, countless lakes, and coniferous forests. The Canadian Shield's terrain varies from exposed rock formations to rolling hills, and it is rich in mineral deposits.

Hudson Bay Lowlands: Adjacent to the Canadian Shield to the south and east is the Hudson Bay Lowlands, one of the largest wetland areas in the world. This region is mostly a flat, swampy area with numerous rivers and streams draining into Hudson Bay. It's known for its muskeg, a type of wetland that predominates the landscape.

St. Lawrence Lowlands: The St. Lawrence Lowlands stretch from Quebec to Ontario, following the St. Lawrence River. This region is the most densely populated part of Canada, with fertile soil and a relatively mild climate. It is characterized by its rolling hills, deep soils, and the notable presence of the Great Lakes.

Appalachian Region: The Appalachian Region includes parts of Quebec and Atlantic Canada, extending into the island of Newfoundland. This area features rolling hills, deep river valleys, and rugged coastlines. The Long Range Mountains in Newfoundland, a continuation of the Appalachians, contain the country's low point at sea level.

Islands and Major Bodies of Water: Canada's geography is also defined by its significant water bodies, including the Great Lakes, shared with the United States, and numerous vast, deep freshwater lakes like Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake. The Mackenzie River system, flowing from the Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean, is among the longest river systems in North America.

Political Map of Canada

This political map of Canada includes the country's ten provinces and three territories, each distinguished by different colors. From west to east, the provinces are British Columbia with its capital at Victoria, Alberta with Edmonton, Saskatchewan with Regina, Manitoba with Winnipeg, Ontario with Toronto, Quebec with Quebec City, and the Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick with Fredericton, Prince Edward Island with Charlottetown, Nova Scotia with Halifax, and Newfoundland and Labrador with St. John's. The three territories are the Yukon with its capital Whitehorse, the Northwest Territories with Yellowknife, and Nunavut with Iqaluit. The map also indicates major cities such as Vancouver, Calgary, Saskatoon, Ottawa, and Montreal, and it includes geographical features like Hudson Bay, Great Bear Lake, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The national capital, Ottawa, is prominently marked in the province of Ontario.

Where is Canada?

Canada is the largest country in North America. Canada is bordered by non-contiguous US state of Alaska in the northwest and by 12 other US states in the south. The border of Canada with the US is the longest bi-national land border in the world. Canada is also bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Canada also shares maritime borders with the island of Greenland in the northeast and the French island regions of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the southeast.

Canada Bordering Countries:

The United States Of America.

Regional Maps: Map of North America

Outline Map of Canada

The above blank map represents Canada, the largest country in North America. The above map can be downloaded, printed and used for educational purposes like map-pointing activities and coloring.

The above outline map represents Canada - the second largest country in the world, that occupies about 2/5ths of the continent of North America.

Key Facts

Legal Name

Canada

Flag

Capital City

Ottawa

45 25 N, 75 42 W

Total Area

9,984,670.00 km2

Land Area

9,093,507.00 km2

Water Area

891,163.00 km2

Population

37,589,262

Major Cities

Toronto (6,371,958)

Montréal (4,307,958)

Vancouver (2,657,088)

Calgary (1,639,613)

Edmonton (1,544,448)

Ottawa-Gatineau (1,437,188)

Québec (844,249)

Winnipeg (841,108)

Hamilton (781,047)

Kitchener-Cambrigde-Waterloo (585,990)

Currency

Canadian dollars (CAD)

GDP

$1.74 Trillion

GDP Per Capita

$46,194.73

This page was last updated on January 8, 2024

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Beginning

1Geography

2History

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2.1Aboriginal people

2.2European colonization

2.3Confederation and expansion

2.4Early 20th century

2.5Modern times

3Government

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3.1Provinces and territories

4Climate and its influence

5Natural resources

6Demographics

7Healthcare

8References

9Other websites

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Canada

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AcèhАдыгэбзэАдыгабзэAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛAnarâškielâअंगिकाÆngliscАԥсшәаالعربيةAragonésܐܪܡܝܐԱրեւմտահայերէնArmãneashtiArpetanঅসমীয়াAsturianuAtikamekwAvañe'ẽАварAymar aruAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasa BaliBamanankanবাংলাBân-lâm-gúBasa BanyumasanБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBoarischབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaChamoruChavacano de ZamboangaChiShonaChiTumbukaCorsuCymraegDagbanliDanskالدارجةDavvisámegiellaDeitschDeutschދިވެހިބަސްDiné bizaadDolnoserbskiडोटेलीཇོང་ཁEestiΕλληνικάEmiliàn e rumagnòlEnglishЭрзяньEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraEʋegbeفارسیFiji HindiFøroysktFrançaisFryskFulfuldeFurlanGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGàidhligGalegoГӀалгӀай贛語Gĩkũyũگیلکیગુજરાતીगोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HausaHawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdoIgboIlokanoবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরীBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitutIñupiatunИронIsiXhosaIsiZuluÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaKabɩyɛಕನ್ನಡKapampanganКъарачай-малкъарქართულიKaszëbscziҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaIkirundiKiswahiliКомиKongoKotavaKreyòl ayisyenKriyòl gwiyannenKurdîКыргызчаКырык марыLadinLadinoЛаккуລາວLatgaļuLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschЛезгиLietuviųLigureLimburgsLingálaLingua Franca NovaLivvinkarjalaLa .lojban.LombardMagyarMadhurâमैथिलीМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംMaltiMāoriमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa Melayuꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟMinangkabau閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄MirandésМокшеньМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNa Vosa VakavitiNederlandsNedersaksiesNēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣनेपालीनेपाल भाषा日本語NapulitanoߒߞߏНохчийнNordfriiskNorfuk / PitkernNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskNouormandNovialOccitanОлык марийଓଡ଼ିଆOromooOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀपालिPangasinanPangcahپنجابیပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏPapiamentuپښتوPatoisភាសាខ្មែរPicardPiemontèisTok PisinPlattdüütschPolskiΠοντιακάPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaQırımtatarcaReo tahitiRomânăRomani čhibRumantschRuna SimiРусиньскыйРусскийСаха тылаSakizayaGagana Samoaसंस्कृतम्SängöᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤسرائیکیSarduScotsSeediqSeelterskSesothoSesotho sa LeboaShqipSicilianuසිංහලسنڌيSiSwatiSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСловѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟŚlůnskiSoomaaligaکوردیSranantongoСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaclḥitTaqbaylitTarandíneТатарча / tatarçaၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး TayalతెలుగుTetunไทยትግርኛТоҷикӣLea faka-TongaᏣᎳᎩTsetsêhestâheseTürkçeTürkmençeTwiTyapУдмуртУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVahcuenghVènetoVepsän kel’Tiếng ViệtVolapükVõroWalon文言West-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语XitsongaייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiZeêuwsŽemaitėška中文Batak TobaTolışiⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ

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From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Canada

Flag

Coat of arms

List of ethnicities

72.9% European 17.7% Asian 4.9% Indigenous 3.1% African 1.3% Latin American 0.2% Oceanian

Religion (2011)[3]

List of religions

67.2% Christianity 23.9% No religion3.2% Islam1.5% Hinduism 1.4% Sikhism 1.1% Buddhism 1.0% Judaism 0.6% Other

Demonym(s)CanadianGovernmentFederal parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy[4]• Monarch Charles III• Governor General Mary Simon• Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

LegislatureParliament• Upper houseSenate• Lower houseHouse of CommonsIndependence from the United Kingdom• Confederation July 1, 1867• Statute of Westminster December 11, 1931• Patriation April 17, 1982

Area• Total area9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) (2nd)• Water (%)11.76 (as of 2015)[5]• Total land area9,093,507 km2 (3,511,023 sq mi)Population• Q1 2021 estimate 38,131,104 [6] (37th)• 2016 census35,151,728[7]• Density3.92/km2 (10.2/sq mi) (185th)GDP (PPP)2021 estimate• Total $1.979 trillion[8] (15th)• Per capita $51,713[8] (20th)GDP (nominal)2021 estimate• Total $1.883 trillion[8] (9th)• Per capita $49,222[8] (18th)Gini (2018) 30.3[9]mediumHDI (2019) 0.929[10]very high · 16thCurrencyCanadian dollar ($) (CAD)Time zoneUTC−3.5 to −8• Summer (DST)UTC−2.5 to −7Date formatyyyy-mm-dd (AD)[11]Driving siderightCalling code+1ISO 3166 codeCAInternet TLD.ca

Canada is a country in North America. Its land reaches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. The Arctic Ocean is to the north of Canada. Canada's land area is 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles). It is the world's second largest country by total area, but only the fourth largest country by land area. It has the world's longest coastline (a border with water). Canada has ten provinces and three territories. Most parts of the country are cold or severely cold in the winter. Areas in the south of Canada are warm in the summer. Much of the land is covered in forest or tundra. Most of the people in Canada live in urban areas, near the southern border with the US. This border is the longest between any two countries in the world. The national capital isOttawa, and the largest city is Toronto. Other large cities include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.

The name "Canada" comes from the Huron-Iroquois word "Kanata," meaning "village" or "settlement." In 1535, two Aboriginal youths told an explorer from France, named Jacques Cartier, about the route to Kanata. They were actually referring to the village named Stadacona, which is near present-day city of Québec.

Aboriginal people lived in the places (that are now Canada) for a long time. In 1537, the French started a colony. The British Empire soon followed. The two empires fought several wars. In the late 18th century, only British North America remained with what is more or less Canada today. The country was formed from several colonies with the British North America Act on July 1, 1867. Over time, more provinces and territories became part of Canada. In 1931, Canada achieved nearly total independence with the Statute of Westminster 1931, and became completely independent when the Canada Act 1982 removed the last remaining ties of legal dependence with the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Charles III as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. That means that citizens have the right to communicate with the government in two languages: English or French. Immigration to Canada has made it one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations. Its economy is the eleventh largest in the world, and relies mainly on natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's relationship with its neighbor and biggest trading partner, the U.S., has a big impact on its economy and culture.

Canada is a developed country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the sixteenth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a Commonwealth realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie, and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the G7, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

Geography[change | change source]

By total land and water area, Canada is the second-largest country in the world. It is only smaller than Russia. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.[12] It has the longest border with water (coastline) of any country in the world. It is next to the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans. It is the only country in the world to be next to three oceans at once. It has six time zones.[13][14]

Canada is made up of ten provinces and three territories. The provinces are between the 45th and 60th parallels of latitude, and the territories are to the north of the 60th parallel of latitude. Most large cities in Canada are in the southern part of the country, including Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. Very few people live in the northern part of Canada.

Canada extends from the west coast to the Atlantic provinces. In the north, there are three territories: Yukon in the west, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. They make up 16% of the Earth's fresh water. The Saint Lawrence Seaway joins the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, allowing vessels in the ocean to travel as far inland as Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada.

Canada shares land and sea borders with the USA (the lower 48 states and Alaska), Greenland, and France (St. Pierre and Miquelon, a small group of islands off the southern coast off the island of Newfoundland).

The geography of Canada is very different in each region. Canada's geography features high alpine areas in the west, flat grasslands and prairies in the middle, and ancient shield rocks in the east. Canada has some of the very last untouched boreal forest in the world.

The Canadian Shield is a vast area of ancient Pre-Cambrian rocks lying in an arc around Hudson Bay, covering more than one third of Canada's land area. This is a unique land of lakes, bogs, swamps, trees, and rocks. It is a terrain that is very dangerous and difficult to traverse cross country because of the lakes, bogs, swamps, trees, and rocks. Canada has 60% of the world's lakes.

History[change | change source]

See the main article: History of Canada

Aboriginal people[change | change source]

Indigenous people lived in what is now Canada for thousands of years before the first Europeans arrived. The indigenous groups that live in Canada are the First Nations, the Inuit, and the Métis.[15] The Métis are people that come from both First Nations and European families.[15] Together, these three groups are called "Indigenous," "Aboriginal," or "First Peoples." They used to be called "Indians" by the Europeans, but this is now considered rude.

Many people think the first people to live in Canada came from Siberia at least 14,000 years ago, using the Bering land bridge. The land bridge connected Asia and North America.[16][17]

When European people first settled in Canada, the number of Indigenous people living in Canada was between 200,000 and two million.[18][19]

European colonization[change | change source]

The Vikings were the first Europeans to land in Canada, in what is now Newfoundland. The exploration was led by the Viking explorer Leif Erikson. They did not stay for a long time. In the early 16th century, Europeans started exploring Canada's eastern coast. The first of these explorers was John Cabot from England, in 1497, and later Jacques Cartier from France, in 1534. Alexander Mackenzie later reached the Pacific coast over land, where captains James Cook and George Vancouver went by sea. The Europeans also traded beaver furs to the First Nations.

Some parts of Canada were settled by France. Other parts of the country were settled by Great Britain. In 1605, Port-Royal was built in Acadia (today called Nova Scotia) by the French, led by Samuel de Champlain. In 1608, he settled in Quebec. The British took control of the French areas after a battle of the French and Indian War on the Plains of Abraham, near Quebec City, in 1759.

Thousands of people came north to Canada and settled in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. They were called United Empire Loyalists.

Confederation and expansion[change | change source]

On July 1, 1867, Canada was united under a federal government. At first, Canada was only made up of the provinces Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Sir John A. Macdonald was the first prime minister. Manitoba, the Yukon territory, and the Northwest Territories became part of Canada in 1870. British Columbia joined in 1871, and Prince Edward Island in 1873.

There were two Red River Rebellions, in 1869-70 and 1885, both led by Louis Riel. He fought for more rights for the Métis people, a mix between French and First Nations. A railroad across the country, the Canadian Pacific Railway, finished in 1885, making it easier for Canadians to move to the west. Many Europeans came to the prairies, so Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.

Early 20th century[change | change source]

Canadian soldiers fought in World War I for the British Empire. More Canadians died in this war than any other war. Canada became better known as a country after its success in capturing Vimy Ridge from the Germans in France in 1917. Women were given the right to vote by the end of the war, partly because of the help they gave making weapons while the men fought in Europe. In 1931, Canada became fully independent. The government of Canada made all the decisions about Canada.

A Canadian crew during the battle of Normandy in June 1944.Canadians also fought in World War II. The Dieppe Raid, in 1942, went very badly. Most soldiers were killed, wounded, or imprisoned. Canadians helped capture soldiers at Normandy in 1944. They also liberated the Netherlands from Germany.

Modern times[change | change source]

In 1949, Newfoundland and Labrador became the 10th province of Canada. In 1956, Canadian Lester Pearson, who later became prime minister, helped end the Suez Crisis. Because of this, he won the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1965, Pearson helped change the design of Canada's flag. This design is known as the Maple Leaf today. Before that, the Red Ensign was Canada's flag. In 1982, Canada changed its constitution. The change introduced a new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The main part of the Constitution is the 1867 British North America Act.

Some French Canadians today wish to form their own country, separate from the rest of Canada. The province of Quebec held a referendum (vote) in 1980, but only about 40% wanted to separate. Another referendum was held in 1995, with almost 50% voting in favour of leaving Canada. Since then, fewer people in Quebec have wanted to leave Canada, but it is still important to Quebec politics.

Today, about 25% of Canadians speak French as their first language. Many people in Canada speak both French and English. Although most French Canadians live in the province of Quebec, there are French-speaking communities and people all across Canada. For example, 40% of the people in the province of New Brunswick and 20% of those in Manitoba have a strong French background, as some people do in Ontario, mainly along its border with Quebec.

In 1999, Nunavut was created as Canada's third territory, out of the eastern Northwest Territories, in an agreement with the Inuit people.

Government[change | change source]

Parliament Hill.

Canada has a government called a constitutional monarchy.[20] It has a monarch (meaning a king or queen is the head of that country), and is a democracy (meaning the people of that country rule it). The head of state is King Charles III, who is officially the King of Canada. He appoints a Governor General to represent him in the country, however, the choice of Governor General is made by the prime minister.

The King’s powers are mostly exercised by the Governor General, currently Mary Simon. The Governor General, like the Canadian sovereign (King/Queen of Canada), is not political and remains above politics, and because of that they do not usually use their powers without the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers.

The head of government is the Prime Minister. The current prime minister is Justin Trudeau,[21] who replaced Stephen Harper in October 2015. Each province and territory has a premier to lead its government. The day-to-day operations of the government are run by the cabinet. The cabinet is usually formed from the largest party in Parliament.

The Parliament of Canada passes the laws of the country. The governor general, acting on behalf of the monarch, has the right to veto a law (meaning the law cannot go into effect) but this right has not been used for some time. There are five main parties in the Canadian Parliament: the Conservative Party, the New Democratic Party, the Liberal Party, the Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party. In addition to the five parties with MPs in Parliament, there are fourteen other smaller parties registered with Elections Canada and several MPs who sit as Independents.

Provinces and territories[change | change source]

See the main article: Provinces and territories of Canada

Below is a list of provinces and territories. They are listed by population.

Provinces

Name

Capital

Largest city

EnteredConfederation

Population(2014)

Area(km2)

Officiallanguage

Ontario

Ottawa

Toronto

1867

13,678,700

1,076,395

English

Quebec

Quebec City

Montreal

1867

8,214,700

1,542,056

French

British Columbia

Victoria

Vancouver

1871

4,631,300

944,735

English

Alberta

Edmonton

Calgary

1905

4,121,700

661,848

English

Manitoba

Winnipeg

1870

1,282,000

647,797

English

Saskatchewan

Regina

Saskatoon

1905

1,125,400

651,036

English

Nova Scotia

Halifax

1867

942,700

55,284

English

New Brunswick

Fredericton

Saint John

1867

753,900

72,908

English and French

Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's

1949

527,000

405,212

English

Prince Edward Island

Charlottetown

1873

146,300

5,660

English

Territories

Northwest Territories

Yellowknife

1870

41,462

1,346,106

multiple

Yukon

Whitehorse

1898

33,897

482,443

English and French

Nunavut

Iqaluit

1999

31,906

2,093,190

multiple

Climate and its influence[change | change source]

Northern mountains in Canada. Because of it's northern geography, most of Canada is very cold, making it unlivable for humans. For this reason it has a small population which live in limited areas of the south that have less severe temperatures that humans and infrastructure can survive in.[22]

Because Canada is very far north, and most people cannot survive the conditions, most Canadians live in the southern parts, where the weather is much milder.[23] In some cities, the temperature gets very cold in the winter, especially inland.[24] Warm air systems, moving in from the Pacific Ocean, bring more rain than snow to the Pacific coast. The colder temperatures further inland result in snow. Parts of Canada can get quite hot in the summer, often over 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit).[25]

Canadians are known to play winter sports, such as ice hockey and skiing and snowboarding, as well as enjoy many summer sports and games.

Natural resources[change | change source]

Peyto Lake in Alberta.

Canada has lots of natural resources. Its large amounts of fish have been used for centuries for food and money. Hydroelectric power (electricity by water) is abundant because of Canada's many rivers.[26] Forests in the west are used for wood. Besides these renewable resources, Canada has metal ores and oil deposits. Canada is the leading exporter of zinc, uranium, gold, nickel, aluminum, steel and lead.[27]

Demographics[change | change source]

Around 38 million people live in Canada. About 90% of the Canadian population live within 100 mi (160 km) of the border with the United States.[28] This is because of climate and trade with the US. This means that over 60% of Canadians live south of Seattle, Washington.[29]

Many immigrants, who come from almost every part of the world, live in Canada.[30] One example is the former Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, who came to Canada as a young child with her family from Haiti in 1968. Today, up to 1/5th of the population is an immigrant of Canada.

Healthcare[change | change source]

The Canadian government provides universal health care. The provinces are responsible for health insurance. Five provinces prohibit all extra-billing, while Alberta, British Columbia and Newfoundland allow it in a small number of circumstances, and Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick do not restrict it at all.[31]

In 2020, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that there were not enough hospital beds in Ontario. Ontario is Canada's largest province, and is home to Canada's largest city, Toronto. The number of hospital beds available in Ontario is 1.4 per every 1,000 people.[32]

References[change | change source]

↑ "Royal Anthem". Government of Canada. August 11, 2017. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.

↑ "2016 Census of Population—Ethnic Origin, Catalog no. 98-400-X2016187". Statistics Canada. October 25, 2017. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017.

↑ "2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013.

↑ Dowding, Keith; Dumont, Patrick (2014). The Selection of Ministers around the World. Taylor & Francis. p. 395. ISBN 978-1-317-63444-7.

↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.

↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 17, 2021). "The Daily — Canada's population estimates, first quarter 2021". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.

↑ "Population size and growth in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.

↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. April 2021. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2020.

↑ "Income inequality". OECD. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2021.

↑ "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.

↑ The Government of Canada and Standards Council of Canada prescribe ISO 8601 as the country's official all-numeric date format: Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau (1997). "5.14: Dates". The Canadian style: A guide to writing and editing (Revised ed.). Dundurn Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-55002-276-6. The dd/mm/yy and mm/dd/yy formats also remain in common use; see Date and time notation in Canada.

↑ "World Factbook: Canada". CIA. May 16, 2006. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2008.

↑ Standard Time Zones (Map) (6923 ed.). 1:20000000. Atlas of Canada, 6th Edition. Natural Resources Canada. 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2020-09-15.{{cite map}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

↑ "Canada's Time Zones". www.timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-01-20.

↑ 15.0 15.1 Graber, Christoph Beat; Kuprecht, Karolina; Lai, Jessica C. (2012). International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-85793-831-2. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

↑ Dillehay, Thomas D. (2008). The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory. Basic Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7867-2543-4. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.

↑ Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2016). World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1. Archived from the original on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2022-02-22.

↑ Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.

↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall (eds.). A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7.

↑ Amanda, Briney. "About.com: geography and overview of Canada". Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2010.

↑ Official Government of Canada website. "PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA". Archived from the original on 8 February 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2010.

↑ Marsden, Lorna. "Population Issues in the Immigration Debate." Canadian Ethnic Studies= Etudes Ethniques au Canada 7.1 (1975): 22.

↑ "2006 Census: Where we live? vignette - alternate format". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-20.

↑ http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/phys08b-eng.htm

↑ http://www.cfls-elfc.forces.gc.ca/canada/weather-temps-eng.asp

↑ "Natural Resources Canada". Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2010.

↑ Brendan Marshall, Director, Economic Affairs (2014). "Facts & Figures 2014" (PDF). The Mining Association of Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

↑ Jacobs, Frank. "Most Canadians live south of Seattle and other mental map surprises". Retrieved 2023-10-14.

↑ Canadawosirutameno60syou(60 chapters about Canada). Tokyo: Akaisi. 2003. p. 314. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

↑ Sullivan, Terrence James, Patricia M. Baranek (2002). First do no harm: making sense of Canadian health reform. Toronto, Ontario: Malcolm Lester and Associates. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7748-1016-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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Canada - The World Factbook

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Skip to main contentGo to CIA.govWorld Factbook GlyphWFBThe World FactbookCountriesMapsReferencesAboutExplore All CountriesCanadaNorth AmericaPage last updated: February 21, 2024Photos of Canadaview 49 photosCountry FlagView DetailsCountry MapView DetailsSpecial Country ProductsCountry SummaryTravel FactsLocator MapView DetailsIntroductionBackgroundA land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.TipVisit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.Definitions and NotesGeographyLocationNorthern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous USGeographic coordinates60 00 N, 95 00 WMap referencesNorth AmericaAreatotal: 9,984,670 sq kmland: 9,093,507 sq kmwater: 891,163 sq kmcomparison ranking: total 3Area - comparativeslightly larger than the USArea comparison map:Land boundariestotal: 8,892 kmborder countries: US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km Coastline202,080 kmnote: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the worldMaritime claimsterritorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginClimatevaries from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in northTerrainmostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeastElevationhighest point: Mount Logan 5,959 mlowest point: Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 mmean elevation: 487 mNatural resourcesbauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropowerLand useagricultural land: 6.8% (2018 est.)arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)forest: 34.1% (2018 est.)other: 59.1% (2018 est.)Irrigated land9,045 sq km (2015)Major lakes (area sq km)fresh water lake(s): Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq kmnote - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian watersMajor rivers (by length in km)Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouthMajor watersheds (area sq km)Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of Mexico) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *Major aquifersNorthern Great Plains AquiferPopulation distributionvast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British ColumbiaNatural hazardscontinuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountainsvolcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormantGeography - notenote 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combinedPeople and SocietyPopulation38,516,736 (2023 est.)comparison ranking: 38Nationalitynoun: Canadian(s)adjective: CanadianEthnic groupsCanadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic originLanguagesEnglish (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)major-language sample(s): The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)French audio sample:ReligionsChristian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)Age structure0-14 years: 15.65% (male 3,097,585/female 2,930,056)15-64 years: 63.85% (male 12,367,172/female 12,224,077)65 years and over: 20.5% (2023 est.) (male 3,630,580/female 4,267,266)2023 population pyramid:Dependency ratiostotal dependency ratio: 52.1youth dependency ratio: 23.9elderly dependency ratio: 28.2potential support ratio: 3.6 (2021 est.)Median agetotal: 42.4 years (2023 est.)male: 41.2 yearsfemale: 43.5 yearscomparison ranking: total 39Population growth rate0.73% (2023 est.)comparison ranking: 123Birth rate10.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)comparison ranking: 186Death rate8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)comparison ranking: 82Net migration rate5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)comparison ranking: 22Population distributionvast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British ColumbiaUrbanizationurban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030Major urban areas - population6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)Sex ratioat birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)Mother's mean age at first birth29.4 years (2019 est.)Maternal mortality ratio11 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)comparison ranking: 142Infant mortality ratetotal: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)male: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 4 deaths/1,000 live birthscomparison ranking: total 185Life expectancy at birthtotal population: 84 years (2023 est.)male: 81.7 yearsfemale: 86.4 yearscomparison ranking: total population 6Total fertility rate1.57 children born/woman (2023 est.)comparison ranking: 190Gross reproduction rate0.77 (2023 est.)Contraceptive prevalence rateNADrinking water sourceimproved: urban: 99.3% of populationrural: 99.1% of populationtotal: 99.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 0.7% of populationrural: 0.9% of populationtotal: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)Current health expenditure12.9% of GDP (2020)Physicians density2.44 physicians/1,000 population (2019)Hospital bed density2.5 beds/1,000 population (2019)Sanitation facility accessimproved: urban: 99.1% of populationrural: 98.9% of populationtotal: 99% of populationunimproved: urban: 0.9% of populationrural: 1.1% of populationtotal: 1% of population (2020 est.)Obesity - adult prevalence rate29.4% (2016)comparison ranking: 26Alcohol consumption per capitatotal: 8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)beer: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)wine: 2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)other alcohols: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)comparison ranking: total 44Tobacco usetotal: 13% (2020 est.)male: 15.3% (2020 est.)female: 10.7% (2020 est.)comparison ranking: total 117Children under the age of 5 years underweightNACurrently married women (ages 15-49)52.2% (2023 est.)Education expenditures5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)comparison ranking: 70Literacytotal population: NAmale: NAfemale: NASchool life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)total: 17 yearsmale: 16 yearsfemale: 17 years (2020)EnvironmentEnvironment - current issuesmetal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activitiesEnvironment - international agreementsparty to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life ConservationClimatevaries from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in northLand useagricultural land: 6.8% (2018 est.)arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)forest: 34.1% (2018 est.)other: 59.1% (2018 est.)Urbanizationurban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030Revenue from forest resources0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 119Revenue from coal0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 27Air pollutantsparticulate matter emissions: 6.39 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)carbon dioxide emissions: 544.89 megatons (2016 est.)methane emissions: 101.82 megatons (2020 est.)Waste and recyclingmunicipal solid waste generated annually: 25,103,034 tons (2014 est.)municipal solid waste recycled annually: 5,168,715 tons (2008 est.)percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 20.6% (2008 est.)Major lakes (area sq km)fresh water lake(s): Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq kmnote - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian watersMajor rivers (by length in km)Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouthMajor watersheds (area sq km)Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of Mexico) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *Major aquifersNorthern Great Plains AquiferTotal water withdrawalmunicipal: 4.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)industrial: 27.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)agricultural: 3.86 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)Total renewable water resources2.9 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)Geoparkstotal global geoparks and regional networks: 5global geoparks and regional networks: Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)GovernmentCountry nameconventional long form: noneconventional short form: Canadaetymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlementGovernment typefederal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitutionCapitalname: Ottawageographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in Novembertime zone note: Canada has six time zonesetymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word "adawe" meaning "to trade" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highwayAdministrative divisions10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*Independence1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)National holidayCanada Day, 1 July (1867)Constitutionhistory: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011)Legal systemcommon law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevailsInternational law organization participationaccepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdictionCitizenshipcitizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: yesresidency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in CanadaSuffrage18 years of age; universalExecutive branchchief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021)head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (since 4 November 2015)cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliamentelections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor generalnote: the governor general position is largely ceremonialLegislative branchdescription: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75)House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)elections: Senate - last appointed in July 2021House of Commons - last held on 20 September 2021 (next to be held on or before 20 October 2025)election results: Senate - composition as of January 2024 - men 43, women 54, percent of women 55.7% (8 seats are vacant)House of Commons - percent of vote by party - CPC 33.7%, Liberal Party 32.6%, NDP 17.8%, Bloc Quebecois 7.7%, Greens 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 159, CPC 119, NDP 25, Bloc Quebecois 32, Greens 2, independent 1; composition as of January 2024 - men 234, women 102; percent of women 30.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 35.2%Judicial branchhighest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; note - in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlementsPolitical parties and leadersBloc Quebecois [Yves-Francois BLANCHET]Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Pierre POILIEVRE]Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]International organization participationADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in the USchief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001telephone: [1] (844) 880-6519FAX: [1] (202) 682-7738email address and website: ccs.scc@international.gc.cahttps://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=engconsulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattletrade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates GeneralDiplomatic representation from the USchief of mission: Ambassador David L. COHEN (since December 2021)embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8mailing address: 5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335FAX: [1] (613) 241-7845email address and website: OttawaNIV@state.govhttps://ca.usembassy.gov/consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouverconsulate(s): WinnipegFlag descriptiontwo vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbolNational symbol(s)maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, whiteNational anthemname: "O Canada"lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEEnote: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the King" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)National heritagetotal World Heritage Sites: 22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)selected World Heritage Site locales: L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)EconomyEconomic overviewone of the world’s largest economies; leading global financier and macroeconomic partner; largest US trading partner; key timber and oil and gas industries; Canada sends over half its development aid to the World Bank; key “blue economy” developerReal GDP (purchasing power parity)$1.832 trillion (2021 est.)$1.752 trillion (2020 est.)$1.849 trillion (2019 est.)note: data are in 2017 dollarscomparison ranking: 15Real GDP growth rate4.54% (2021 est.)-5.23% (2020 est.)1.88% (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 103Real GDP per capita$47,900 (2021 est.)$46,100 (2020 est.)$49,200 (2019 est.)note: data are in 2017 dollarscomparison ranking: 33GDP (official exchange rate)$1,741,865,000,000 (2019 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices)3.4% (2021 est.)0.72% (2020 est.)1.95% (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 116Credit ratingsFitch rating: AA+ (2020)Moody's rating: Aaa (2002)Standard & Poors rating: AAA (2002)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.GDP - composition, by sector of originagriculture: 1.6% (2017 est.)industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)services: 70.2% (2017 est.)comparison rankings: services 68; industry 93; agriculture 187GDP - composition, by end usehousehold consumption: 57.8% (2017 est.)government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.)imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2017 est.)Agricultural productswheat, rapeseed, maize, barley, milk, soybeans, potatoes, oats, peas, porkIndustriestransportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gasIndustrial production growth rate4.74% (2021 est.)comparison ranking: 95Labor force21.017 million (2021 est.)comparison ranking: 32Unemployment rate7.51% (2021 est.)9.46% (2020 est.)5.66% (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 125Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)total: 14% (2021 est.)male: 15%female: 13.1%comparison ranking: total 124Population below poverty line9.4% (2008 est.)note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty lineGini Index coefficient - distribution of family income33.3 (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 121Average household expenditureson food: 9.1% of household expenditures (2018 est.)on alcohol and tobacco: 3.3% of household expenditures (2018 est.)Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10%: 2.6%highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)Remittances0.04% of GDP (2021 est.)0.05% of GDP (2020 est.)0.08% of GDP (2019 est.)Budgetrevenues: $686.718 billion (2020 est.)expenditures: $861.955 billion (2020 est.)Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 76Public debt72.09% of GDP (2020 est.)48.01% of GDP (2019 est.)48.18% of GDP (2018 est.)note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national levelcomparison ranking: 55Taxes and other revenues13.3% (of GDP) (2020 est.)comparison ranking: 165Fiscal year1 April - 31 MarchCurrent account balance$826.662 million (2021 est.)-$29.216 billion (2020 est.)-$35.434 billion (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 53Exports$611.146 billion (2021 est.)$484.226 billion (2020 est.)$561.63 billion (2019 est.)note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.comparison ranking: 15Exports - partnersUS 73% (2019)Exports - commoditiescrude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, natural gas, gold, lumber (2021)Imports$609.256 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars$517.964 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars$589.037 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollarscomparison ranking: 13Imports - partnersUS 57%, China 11%, Mexico 5% (2019)Imports - commoditiescars and vehicle parts, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, refined petroleum (2019)Reserves of foreign exchange and gold$106.615 billion (31 December 2021 est.)$90.428 billion (31 December 2020 est.)$85.297 billion (31 December 2019 est.)comparison ranking: 29Debt - external$2,124,887,000,000 (2019 est.)$1,949,796,000,000 (2018 est.)comparison ranking: 12Exchange ratesCanadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -Exchange rates:1.254 (2021 est.)1.341 (2020 est.)1.327 (2019 est.)1.296 (2018 est.)1.298 (2017 est.)EnergyElectricity accesselectrification - total population: 100% (2021)Electricityinstalled generating capacity: 153.251 million kW (2020 est.)consumption: 539.695 billion kWh (2020 est.)exports: 67.2 billion kWh (2020 est.)imports: 9.8 billion kWh (2020 est.)transmission/distribution losses: 32.937 billion kWh (2020 est.)comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 202; imports 26; exports 1; consumption 7; installed generating capacity 8Electricity generation sourcesfossil fuels: 16.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)nuclear: 14.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)solar: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)wind: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)hydroelectricity: 60.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)biomass and waste: 1.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)Nuclear energyNumber of operational nuclear reactors: 19 (2023)Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 0Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 13.62GW (2023)Percent of total electricity production: 15% (2021)Percent of total energy produced: 4% (2021)Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 2Coalproduction: 48.328 million metric tons (2020 est.)consumption: 25.642 million metric tons (2020 est.)exports: 32.026 million metric tons (2020 est.)imports: 7.577 million metric tons (2020 est.)proven reserves: 6.582 billion metric tons (2019 est.)Petroleumtotal petroleum production: 5,468,100 bbl/day (2021 est.)refined petroleum consumption: 2,629,300 bbl/day (2019 est.)crude oil and lease condensate exports: 3.177 million bbl/day (2018 est.)crude oil and lease condensate imports: 793,800 bbl/day (2018 est.)crude oil estimated reserves: 170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)Refined petroleum products - production2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 10Refined petroleum products - exports1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 8Refined petroleum products - imports405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)comparison ranking: 21Natural gasproduction: 178,723,494,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)consumption: 124,502,315,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)exports: 76,094,066,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)imports: 28,026,440,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)proven reserves: 2,067,126,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)Carbon dioxide emissions612.084 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from coal and metallurgical coke: 56.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from petroleum and other liquids: 311.336 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)from consumed natural gas: 244.66 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)comparison ranking: total emissions 9Energy consumption per capita403.7 million Btu/person (2019 est.)comparison ranking: 6CommunicationsTelephones - fixed linestotal subscriptions: 11.312 million (2022 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total subscriptions 16Telephones - mobile cellulartotal subscriptions: 32.723 million (2021 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total subscriptions 45Telecommunication systemsgeneral assessment: the Canadian telecom market continues to show steady development as operators invest in network upgrades; much of the investment among telcos has been channeled into LTE infrastructure to capitalize on consumer demand for mobile data services, while there has also been further investment in 5G; investment programs have also been supported by regulatory efforts to ensure that operators have spectrum available to develop 5G services; an investment in fixed-line infrastructure, focused on FttP and, among cable broadband providers; government policy has encouraged the extension of broadband to rural and regional areas, with the result that services are almost universally available and the emphasis now is on improving service speeds to enable the entire population to benefit from the digital economy and society; cable broadband is the principal access platform, followed by DSL; the mobile rate remains comparatively low by international standards; Canadians have provided for LTE and LTE-A infrastructure; despite topographical challenges and the remoteness of many areas, the major players effectively offer 99% population coverage with LTE; operators now provide up to 70% population coverage with 5G (2022)domestic: Nearly 34 per 100 fixed-line and 86 per 100 mobile-cellular teledensity (2021)international: country code - 1; landing points for the Nunavut Undersea Fiber Optic Network System, Greenland Connect, Persona, GTT Atlantic, and Express, KetchCan 1 Submarine Fiber Cable system, St Pierre and Miquelon Cable submarine cables providing links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)Broadcast media2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)Internet country code.caInternet userstotal: 35.34 million (2021 est.)percent of population: 93% (2021 est.)comparison ranking: total 28Broadband - fixed subscriptionstotal: 15,825,813 (2020 est.)subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2020 est.)comparison ranking: total 16TransportationNational air transport systemnumber of registered air carriers: 51 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 89.38 million (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 3,434,070,000 (2018) mt-kmCivil aircraft registration country code prefixCAirports1,425 (2024)comparison ranking: 5Heliports481 (2024)Pipelines840,000 km oil and gas (2020)Railwaystotal: 49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)standard gauge: 49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gaugecomparison ranking: total 5Roadwaystotal: 1,042,300 km (2011)paved: 415,600 km (2011) (includes 17,000 km of expressways)unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)comparison ranking: total 8Waterways636 km (2011) (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States)comparison ranking: 85Merchant marinetotal: 716 (2023)by type: bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600comparison ranking: total 32Ports and terminalsmajor seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouveroil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminalcontainer port(s) (TEUs): Montreal (1,585,465), Vancouver (3,678,952) (2021)LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint Johnriver and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)Transportation - noteCanada operates a fleet of 12 icebreakers including two PC 3 or 4 class medium icebreakers and ten PC 5 or 6 class light icebreakersnote - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 3 - year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 2.5 m); PC 4 - year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 120 cm); PC 5 - year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 70-120 cm); PC 6 - summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 30-70 cm)Canadian Coast Guard Ship Louis S. St-Laurent:Military and SecurityMilitary and security forcesCanadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force; Department of Fisheries and Oceans: Coast Guard (2024)note 1: the CAF is comprised of both a Regular Force and a Reserve Force; the Reserve Force is part of all three services (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and is considered an integral component of the CAF; reservists are primarily part-time service positions; they may volunteer for full-time employment or deployment on operations; they typically serve one or more evenings a week and/or during weekends at locations close to home; the Reserve Force is comprised of the Primary Reserve, Canadian Rangers, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Supplementary Reserve; the Canadian Rangers are part of the Army Reserve Force and provide a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles note 2: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or "Mounties") are under the Department of Public Safety; only Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador have provincial police forces, but the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary contracts policing in regions of the province to the RCMP; the RCMP and municipal forces provide coverage for other provinces and territories; some Indigenous reserves provide Indigenous policing; provincial and municipal police report to their respective provincial authoritiesMilitary expenditures1.4% of GDP (2023)1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)1.3% of GDP (2021)1.4% of GDP (2020)1.3% of GDP (2019)comparison ranking: 98Military and security service personnel strengthsapproximately 70,000 active armed forces personnel (23,000 Army; 12,000 Navy; 12,000 Air Force; 23,000 other) (2023)note: the Army also has approximately 19,000 part-time volunteer soldiers in the Reserve Force, including about 5,500 RangersMilitary equipment inventories and acquisitionsthe CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2023)Military service age and obligation17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2023)note 1: Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women in 2023 comprised about 16% of the CAFnote 2: the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases — to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demandMilitary deploymentsthe CAF has approximately 1,000 military personnel forward deployed for NATO air, land, and sea missions in the European theater, including a ground task force in Latvia (2023)note: in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including Canada, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe Military - notethe Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations with the UN, NATO, and other security partnersthe Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC) plans, directs, and leads most CAF operations in Canada, North America, and around the world; it has six standing regional Joint Task Force (JTF) headquarters across Canada, as well as other JTFs deployed overseas; the CJOC is assisted by air, ground, and naval components; the Canadian Army is the land component of the CAF and its largest element; it has four divisional headquarters (plus one under the CJOC), three Regular Force combined arms mechanized brigade groups, and 10 brigade groups in the Reserve Force; the Navy’s principal warships are 12 frigates and four attack submarines, which are supported by six Arctic/offshore patrol ships and 12 coastal defense vessels; the Air Force has over 400 fixed wing aircraft and helicopters, including about 100 US-made F/A-18 multirole fighters; Canada has ordered more than 80 US-made F-35 stealth multirole fighter aircraft which the Air Force expects to start receiving in 2026; the CAF also has a separate Special Operations Forces Command with a special operations regiment and a joint task force, plus air, incident response, and training unitsCanada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada-US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a Canadian Armed Forces officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the USBritish troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the UK-US Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2023)SpaceSpace agency/agenciesCanadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2023)Space launch site(s)Churchill Rocket Research Range (sounding rockets; Manitoba); constructing a private, commercial space launch site in Nova Scotia (2023)Space program overviewhas a substantial program, a national space strategy, and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program (train in the US); designs, builds, or contributes to a variety of other space-related programs, including space telescopes, planetary probes, sensors, and robotic systems (such as the Canadian-made robotic arms used on the US Space Shuttle and the International Space Station); participates in international space efforts and cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, the European Space Agency (ESA)/EU (and their member states), India, and particularly the US; ESA Cooperating State since 1979; has a robust commercial space sector that is involved in satellite communications, optics, space exploration, navigation, and space science (2023)note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix STerrorismTerrorist group(s)Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Hizballahnote: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-TTransnational IssuesDisputes - internationalmanaged maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the SeaRefugees and internally displaced personsrefugees (country of origin): 22,400 (Venezuela) (refugees and migrants) (2020); 5,254 (Iran) (mid-year 2021)stateless persons: 4,323 (2022)Illicit drugstransnational criminal organizations trafficked cocaine, opium, methamphetamine, other synthetic drugs, and prescription drugs (some of which transited the United States) to Canada for domestic consumption; a source of synthetic drugs (including synthetic opioids), cannabis, and MDMA trafficked to the United States; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcoticsAgencyAbout CIALeadershipOrganizationMission and VisionCIA MuseumCareersCareer OpportunitiesHiring ProcessStudent ProgramsAccommodationsMyLINKResourcesNews & StoriesCenter for the Study of Intelligence (CSI)The World FactbookWorld LeadersThe Langley FilesSpy KidsHelpful LinksPartner with CIAPrepublication ReviewDiversity & InclusionFreedom of Information Act (FOIA)Frequently Asked QuestionsPrivacy PolicyReport InformationReport InformationContact CIAContact CIAConnect with CIAInstagramFacebookTwitterLinkedInYouTubeFlickrTelegramSearch CIA.govSite PoliciesPrivacyNo FEAR ActECA NoticeInspector GeneralUSA.govSite

Canada country guide - Lonely Planet | North America

da country guide - Lonely Planet | North AmericaSearch My trips Saves eLibraryAccount settingsSign outDestinationsBest in TravelFeaturedAfricaAntarcticaAsiaCaribbean IslandsCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaPacificSouth AmericaSee all DestinationsPlanningTrip planning toolsFeaturedPlan with local expertsBudget your tripBook tours and activitiesSee all PlanningStoriesLonely Planet NewsletterFeaturedAdventure TravelArt and CultureBeaches, Coasts and IslandsFamily HolidaysFestivalsFood and DrinkHoneymoon and RomanceRoad TripsSustainable TravelTravel on a BudgetWildlife and NatureSee all StoriesShopNew Book ReleasesFeaturedDestination guidesPictorial & giftsPhrasebooksLonely Planet KidsSee all ShopCanada Back to topGavin Hellier / Stocksy UnitedGallery+ 4CanadaNorth AmericaCanada is more than its hulking-mountain, craggy-coast good looks: it also cooks extraordinary meals, rocks cool culture, and unfurls wild, moose-spotting road trips.Best Time to VisitBest Places to VisitLeave the planning to a local expertExperience the real Canada. Let a local expert handle the planning for you.Get startedAttractionsMust-see attractionsBanff National ParkBanff & Jasper National ParksOf all Canada’s top sights, Banff National Park justifiably ranks as many people’s number one. As much a piece of history as a natural wonder, Canada’s…Stanley ParkVancouverOne of North America’s largest urban green spaces, Stanley Park is revered for its dramatic forest-and-mountain oceanfront views. But there’s more to this…Jasper National ParkJasper Town & AroundJasper is a rugged beauty; it's more raw and less tourist-pampering than its southern cousin Banff, and hence host to a more ambitious, adventurous…Lake LouiseLake LouiseConsidered by many to be the crown jewel of Banff National Park, Lake Louise is nearly impossible to describe without resorting to clichés. This…Moraine LakeLake LouiseThe spectacular, deep teal waters of Moraine Lake are one of Banff National Park’s most iconic sights. The lake’s rugged and remote setting…Jasper National ParkBanff & Jasper National ParksEncompassing 11,228 sq km of Rocky Mountains wilderness, including jagged peaks, vast forests, glacial lakes and the magnificent Columbia Icefield, Jasper…Distillery DistrictOld Town, Corktown & Distillery DistrictCentered on the 1832 Gooderham and Worts distillery – once the largest distillery in the British Empire – the 5-hectare Distillery District is one of…Royal Ontario MuseumTorontoOpened in 1914, the multidisciplinary ROM is Canada's biggest natural-history museum and one of the largest museums in North America. You'll either love…View more attractionsView more attractionsAttractionsTop picks from our travel expertsThe best things to do in Canada: be inspired by these 21 epic experiencesCurated by Anna HainesKitsilano BeachVancouverFacing English Bay, Kits Beach is one of Vancouver's favorite summertime hangouts. The wide, sandy expanse attracts buff Frisbee tossers and giggling…Capilano Suspension Bridge ParkNorth ShoreAs you inch gingerly across one of the world's longest (140m) and highest (70m) pedestrian suspension bridges, swaying gently over roiling Capilano Canyon…Niagara Fallsview CasinoNiagara FallsOpen 24/7, this mammoth building across from the Skylon is itself worth a look – an amazing complex of commerce and crapshoots, with a fantastical foaming…Schwartz'sMontréalReuben Schwartz, a Romanian Jew, opened this Montréal icon in 1928, and it’s been going strong ever since. Schwartz’s meat goes through a 14-day regime of…Granville Island Public MarketVancouverGranville Island's highlight is the covered Public Market, a multisensory smorgasbord of fish, cheese, fruit, teas and bakery treats (near-legendary Lee's…CN TowerEntertainment & Financial DistrictsDominating Toronto's skyline, the CN Tower is a marvel. At a height of 553 metres, the communications spire stands over the city like a beacon. Queues can…Moraine LakeLake LouiseThe spectacular, deep teal waters of Moraine Lake are one of Banff National Park’s most iconic sights. The lake’s rugged and remote setting…Lynn Canyon ParkNorth ShoreAmid a dense bristling of century-old trees, the main lure of this popular park is its Suspension Bridge, a free alternative to Capilano. Not quite as big…Drake Devonshire InnEastern OntarioFrom the folks behind Toronto's legendary Drake Hotel comes the Drake Devonshire, a historic foundry-turned-inn converted to a swooningly stylish and…Le Château FrontenacQuébec CityReputedly the world's most photographed hotel, this audaciously elegant structure was opened in 1893 by the Canadian Pacific Railway as part of its chain…Dinosaur Provincial ParkSouthern AlbertaIn no other place on earth has such a large number of dinosaur bones been found in such a small area – over 40 species and 400 skeletons. Set where The…Cape Breton Highlands National ParkCape Breton IslandOne of Atlantic Canada's most famous and spectacular national parks, Cape Breton Highlands occupies 20% of the Cape Breton Island landmass. It's…Horseshoe FallsNiagara FallsThe centerpiece of any visit here are the Horseshoe Falls. Named after their 670m curved shape, they have the highest flow rate of any waterfall in North…Stanley Park SeawallVancouverBuilt between 1917 and 1980, the 8.8km seawall trail is Vancouver's favorite outdoor hangout. Encircling the whole of Stanley Park, it offers spectacular…Royal Tyrrell Museum of PalaeontologyDrumhellerThis fantastic museum is one of the pre-eminent dinosaur museums on the planet, made even better by a $5.9 million expansion project completed in 2019…Stanley ParkVancouverOne of North America’s largest urban green spaces, Stanley Park is revered for its dramatic forest-and-mountain oceanfront views. But there’s more to this…Jericho BeachVancouverAn activity-lover's idyll, Jericho is great if you just want to putter along the beach, clamber over driftwood and catch stunning views of downtown. It's…Fairmont Banff SpringsBanff TownLooming up beside the Bow River, the Banff Springs is a local landmark in more ways than one. Originally built in 1888, and remodeled in 1928 to resemble…Coal Harbour SeawallVancouverAn idyllic 2km waterfront stroll from Canada Place to Stanley Park, this is a perfect way to spend a sunny afternoon. En route you'll pass the landmark…Rideau CanalEastern OntarioIn 2007, this National Historic Site became Canada's 14th location to be named a World Heritage site, and it remains one of the country's eight cultural…TablelandsGros Morne National ParkDominating the southwest corner of the park, near Trout River, are the unconquerable and eerie Tablelands. 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Then you'll see one of Vancouver's…Pacific Rim National Park ReserveVancouver IslandOne in a magnificent seven of BC national parks, Pacific Rim is replete with wave-whipped beaches and brooding forests, most of them far from civilization…Fundy Geological MuseumNova ScotiaIf you want to understand the geological history of the Bay of Fundy this excellent museum should be your first port of call. It has a wide range of…Planning ToolsExpert guidance to help you plan your tripBest Things to DoHere are Canada's best experiences to inspire every kind of traveler.Read article Things to KnowDriving is a tempting way to explore this spectacular country.Read article TransportationWhether by car, train, plane, bus, or boat, we make it easy for you to navigate Canada, the second biggest country in the world.Read article Visa RequirementsMany travelers to Canada need a visa or Electronic Travel Authorization to visit. Here's a quick guide to the visa requirements for Canada.Read article Money and CostsLooking for practical tips on how to explore Canada on a budget? Here are the best ways to stay, eat, and play around the country for less.Read article Traveling with KidsCanada offers an abundance of wide open spaces and bustling metropolitan areas that are sure to surprise and delight the kids who visit - and their parents.Read article Best Road TripsGreat road trips define Canada. Experience some of the best epic scenery with these fantastic driving routes.Read article View morePlan with a localExperience the real CanadaLet a local expert craft your dream trip.Get startedArticlesLatest stories from CanadaRead more articlesFilter by interest:All InterestsAdventure TravelArt & CultureBeaches, Coasts & IslandsFood & Drink All Interests Adventure Travel Art & Culture Beaches, Coasts & Islands Food & DrinkWildlife & NatureThe best places to see northern lights in 2024Jan 31, 2024 • 6 min readAlways dreamed of seeing the aurora borealis? Here’s our guide on how and where to see the northern lights.Beaches10 of the best beaches in CanadaJan 22, 2024 • 7 min readTips & Advice15 of the best places to visit in CanadaDec 3, 2023 • 9 min readSustainable TravelCanada's 4 best train tripsNov 9, 2023 • 7 min readCampingCopy My Trip: Going back to nature in Canada’s Algonquin Provincial ParkOct 25, 2023 • 5 min readCampingCamping in Canada's national parks? Reservations open soon - and you'll have to be quickFeb 21, 2023 • 4 min readShoppingThese six small businesses serve their community and travelers alikeFeb 2, 2023 • 10 min readTips & AdviceDo I need a visa to visit Canada?Jan 21, 2023 • 4 min readActivitiesThe best things to do in Canada: be inspired by these 21 epic experiencesJan 5, 2023 • 14 min readDestination PracticalitiesThe best ways to travel around in CanadaDec 28, 2022 • 8 min readRead more articlesin partnership with getyourguideBook popular activities in CanadaGuidebooksPurchase our award-winning guidebooks

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MLA 8TH EDITION

Lamb, W. Kaye. "Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 22 June 2023, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada. Accessed 11 March 2024.

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APA 6TH EDITION

Lamb, W. (2023). Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada

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CHICAGO 17TH EDITION

Lamb, W. Kaye. "Canada." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published January 04, 2012; Last Edited June 22, 2023.

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TURABIAN 8TH EDITION

The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "Canada," by W. Kaye Lamb, Accessed March 11, 2024, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada

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article

Canada

Article by

W. Kaye Lamb

Published Online

January 4, 2012

Last Edited

June 22, 2023

The name “Canada,” is derived from the Iroquoian word kanata, meaning a village or settlement. On 13 August

1535, as Jacques Cartier was nearing Île d'Anticosti, two Indigenous youths he was bringing back from France informed him that the route to Canada (“chemin de Canada”) lay to the south of the island. By Canada they meant the village of

Stadacona, on the future site of Quebec City. Cartier used the word in that sense, but also referred to “the province of Canada,”

meaning the area subject to Donnacona, chief at Stadacona. The name was soon applied to a much larger region. The “Harleian” world

map of c. 1547, the first to show the discoveries made on Cartier's second voyage, applied it to an area north of the gulf and

river St. Lawrence. By 1550 maps were also placing the name south of the river. (See also Cartography in Canada: 1500s.)

Early Uses of the Name “Canada”

Jacques Cartier referred to the St. Lawrence as the “rivière de Canada” and the name was in

general use until the end of the century. But on 10 August 1535 he had given the name Saint Laurent to a bay north of Île d'Anticosti, and the name spread gradually

to the gulf and river. In 1603, on his first voyage to Canada, Samuel de Champlain spoke of the “river of Canada,” but by 1613 used Saint Laurent for the gulf.

The name Canada was used loosely, even in official correspondence, as a synonym for New France, which included all French possessions. However, it was always understood, as Father

Pierre Biard pointed out in the Jesuit Relation for 1616, that “Canada…is not, properly speaking, all this extent of country which they now call New France; but it is only that part, which extends along the banks of the great River Canada, and the Gulf

of St. Lawrence.” In 1664 François Du Creux, in his work Historia Canadensis, drew the same distinction.

Conquest of New France

As French explorers and fur traders pushed ever westward and southward, the area to which the name “Canada” applied increased rapidly. However, its extent seems never to have been defined officially. In March 1762, after the Conquest of New France,

General Thomas Gage informed General Jeffery Amherst that the limits between Canada

and Louisiana had never been clearly described. He could only state “what were generally believed... to have been the Boundaries of Canada & give you my own Opinion.” He judged “not only the [Great] Lakes, which are Indisputable, but the whole Course

of the Mississippi from its Heads to its Junction with the Illinois” had been considered by the French to be part of Canada. This may be one reason why Britain temporarily abandoned the name and called the colony the Province of Quebec.

Constitutional Act–Confederation

Canada came into its own in 1791 when the Constitutional Act (or Canada Act) divided the Province of Quebec,

then considerably enlarged, into the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In 1841 they were joined

to form the Province of Canada. In 1867 the British North America Act united the Province of Canada (divided into Ontario and Quebec) with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to form “One Dominion under the name of Canada.” The new area was relatively small, but it expanded rapidly. The purchase of Rupert’s Land in 1870 extended it to the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic Ocean. The addition of

British Columbia in 1871 created a Canada extending from sea to sea; Prince Edward Island was added in 1873 and Britain handed over title to the Arctic islands in

1880. This gave Canada substantially the present boundaries, except for Newfoundland and Labrador, which joined the federation in 1949. In a striking comment,

the distinguished American historian Samuel Eliot Morison remarked that “never, since the Roman empire, have two local names received such a vast extension as Canada and St. Lawrence.” (See also Exploration;

Territorial Evolution.)

Eastern Canada

Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain

Indigenous Language

External Links

Canada: Places to GoClick on the interactive map of Canada to explore photogenic tourist spots in every region of the country. From the Canadian Tourism Commission.

Parliament of CanadaThe official source for current news and information about the Parliament of Canada. Also features online webcasts, Hansard, history notes and much more. Check out the useful "How Canadians Govern Themselves" paper from the Information and Documentation Branch.

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